2025
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Cultural heritage is the customs, monuments, languages, crafts, and traditional knowledge transmitted from one generation to the next. This heritage needs to be preserved in order to keep communities feeling a sense of identity, continuity, and belonging. It acts as a bridge between the past, present, and future and enables societies to know themselves and grow with a rooted sense of who they are.

Cultural heritage is a testament to the richness and diversity of human civilizations. Preserving it, helps us appreciate the success and experience of our ancestors and encourage respect for other cultures. It encourages tolerance, understanding, and peace in a growingly interdependent world. For example, UNESCO's work in preserving world heritage sites assists in protecting history sites and traditions of universal value.

In addition, preserving cultural heritage benefits education and research. Historic artefacts, oral traditions, and architectural monuments speak volumes about previous societies, and scholars and future generations can learn from them. It also gains economic value, particularly through cultural tourism that can sustain local economies and communities.

However, heritage is never safe from the pressure of conflict, globalization, environmental degradation, and abandonment. Thus, preservation should be a continuous and collaborative process including governments, communities, and individuals. Applying modern technology to document, digitize, and share cultural materials can also improve preservation strategies.

In conclusion, preserving cultural heritage is not just about saving old objects or traditions, it is about safeguarding the very essence of what makes us human and ensuring the wisdom and beauty of our common history survive for generations to come.
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Attending a live performance (for example, a play, concert, or sporting event) is more enjoyable than watching the same event on television. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

sample IELTS Writing Task 2 essay:


Most individuals consider watching a live show, for instance, a concert, play, or sports match, to be more enjoyable than watching it on television. I totally agree with this opinion for a number of reasons.

Firstly, the vibe at a live event is electric and cannot be replicated through a screen. For example, the thrill of a cheering audience during a football game or the vibe at a concert hall is something that creates a sense of unity and shared experience. This emotional connection drives enjoyment to a great extent and makes the event more memorable.

Secondly, live performances provide a unique, immersive experience. Attending a play at the theater lets the spectator experience the actors' intensity of emotion and the ambiance of the environment in real time. Likewise, in concerts, the sound quality, visual effects, and direct interaction between performers and the audience add layers of excitement that are often lost in a broadcast version.

Additionally, attending a live event in person can be a social activity. Visiting with friends or family increases the enjoyment and forms collective memories. The social aspect adds much to the overall experience, which is hard to get watching alone at home.

Though television is convenient and comfortable, it cannot compare with the richness of senses and emotional depth of a live experience. For these reasons, I think that watching a live event is much more enjoyable than viewing the same event on television.
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Here is a list of 10 essential international books that are often considered literary treasures. These books open a window into different cultures, histories, and human experiences:

1. The Book of Disquiet by Fernando Pessoa (Portugal)
Genre: Philosophical fiction

2. Season of Migration to the North by Tayeb Salih (Sudan)
Genre: Post-colonial novel

3. The Door by Magda Szabó (Hungary)
Genre: Psychological drama

4. My Name is Red by Orhan Pamuk (Turkey)
Genre: Historical mystery

5. Out by Natsuo Kirino (Japan)
Genre: Crime thriller

6. The Obscene Bird of Night by José Donoso (Chile)
Genre: Surrealist fiction

7. Austerlitz by W.G. Sebald (Germany)
Genre: Historical fiction/memoir

8. The Beauty of the Husband by Anne Carson (Canada)
Genre: Poetry in prose

9. The Melancholy of Resistance by László Krasznahorkai (Hungary)
Genre: Dystopian fiction

10. Voices from Chernobyl by Svetlana Alexievich (Belarus)
Genre: Oral history / non-fiction

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 Topic: Figures of Speech : Personification

Objective/Aim: By the end of the lesson, students will be able to understand personification and able to use them. 

Tools/Materials: 
  • whiteboard and markers, 
  • textbook, 
  • handouts/worksheets with exercises and examples

Teaching Method:
Activity 1: Warm-Up
Ask some questions to check students' previous knowledge about the topic. 

Activity 2:
(a) Present the concept of the personification using visuals and examples.
(b) Explain that personification is a figure of speech in which non-human things are given human qualities or actions.
Examples:
(a) The wind whispered through the trees.
(b) The moon smiled down at us.
(c) The alarm clock screamed at me to wake up..

Activity 3: 
  • Give students a short paragraph or poem and ask them to underline examples of personification. 
  • Ask students to write five sentences using personification.
  • Walk around the classroom to provide assistance and answer any question.

Group Activity:
  • Divide the students into pairs. Ask each pair to write a short paragraph or story using at least two personification.
  • Instruct them to brainstorm about human qualities or emotions same as for your object and think it can act, feel or speak like a person.
  • Encourage creativity and collaboration among students and help them with sample prompts. e.g. a crying cloud, a jealous mirror, a bored book, a sleepy pencil etc.
Evaluation/Review: Ask for volunteers to share their short paragraph with the class. Provide positive feedback on accuracy and fluency, and gently guide improvement and address any common errors.

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Identify the Personification:
Example:
Sentence: The wind whispered through the trees.
Personification: The wind whispered
Explanation: Wind cannot whisper; whispering is a human action.

1. The sun smiled down on us during the picnic.
2. The angry storm pounded angrily on the roof all night.
3. My alarm clock screamed at me to wake up.
4. The leaves danced across the yard.
5. The car groaned as it climbed the steep hill.
6. Time flew by during our vacation.
7. The moon peeked out from behind the clouds.
8. The fire swallowed the forest in minutes.
9. The flowers begged for water during the drought.
10. The old house moaned in the wind.

Answer Key
1. Personification: The sun smiled
2. Personification: The storm pounded angrily
3. Personification: The alarm clock screamed
4. Personification: Leaves danced
5. Personification: The car groaned
6. Personification: Time flew
7. Personification: The moon peeked
8. Personification: The fire swallowed
9. Personification: The flowers begged
10. Personification: The old house moaned
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For Parents (Mother and Father):
Hindi: सुप्रभात माँ-पापा। आपका आशीर्वाद हमेशा बना रहे। आज का दिन आपके लिए खुशियों से भरा हो।
English: Good morning, Mom and Dad. May your blessings always guide me. Wishing you a joyful and peaceful day ahead.

For Grandparents:
Hindi: नमस्कार दादी/दादा जी। प्रभात की शुभकामनाएँ। भगवान आपको स्वस्थ और खुश रखे।
English: Good morning, Grandma/Grandpa. Wishing you a blessed morning. May God keep you healthy and happy.

For Siblings:
Hindi:सुप्रभात भैया/दीदी। आज का दिन आपके लिए सफलता और आनंद लेकर आए।
English: Good morning, Brother/Sister. May your day be filled with success and happiness.

For Extended Family (Uncles, Aunts, Cousins):
Hindi: आपको और आपके परिवार को शुभ प्रभात। ईश्वर का आशीर्वाद आप सब पर बना रहे।
English: Good morning to you and your family. May God’s blessings be with you always.

General Respectful Greeting (for all elders):
Hindi: शुभ प्रभात। आपका दिन मंगलमय और सुखद हो।
English: Good morning. Wishing you a peaceful and blessed day.

Continent: Africa | महाद्वीप: अफ़्रीका
FlagCountryदेशCapitalराजधानी
RwandaरवांडाKigaliकिगाली
LiberiaलाइबेरियाMonroviaमोनरोविया
LibyaलीबियाTripoliत्रिपोली
LesothoलेसोथोMaseruमसेरू
Sao Tome 
and Principe
साओ तोमे 
और प्रिन्सिपी
Sao Tomeसाओ टोमे
Sierra Leoneसियरा लोनFreetownफ़्रीटाउन
SudanसूडानKhartoumखार्तूम
SenegalसेनेगलDakarडकार
Seychellesसेशाइल्सVictoriaविक्टोरिया
SomaliaसोमालियाMogadishuमोगादीशू
Eswatiniस्वाज़ीलैण्डLobamba 
(royal and legislative),
Mbabane 
(administrative)
लोबम्बा 
(शाही और संवैधानिक),
बाबाने 
(प्रशासनिक)
Egyptमिस्रCairoकाहिरा
AngolaअंगोलाLuandaलुआण्डा
Algeriaअल्जीरियाAlgiersअल्जीयर्स
EthiopiaइथियोपियाAddis Ababaअदिस अबाबा
Eritreaइरित्रियाAsmaraअस्मारा
Republic of the Congoकांगो गणराज्यBrazzavilleब्राज़िविले
Democratic Republic 
of the Congo
कांगो लोकतान्त्रिक 
गणराज्य
Kinshasaकिन्शासा
Kenyaकेन्याNairobiनैरोबी
Cape Verdeकेप वर्देPraiaप्राये
CameroonकैमरूनYaoundeयाओऊंडे
Côte d'Ivoire
(Ivory Coast)
कोत दिव्वार
(गजदन्त तट)
Yamoussoukro (official),
Abidjan (administrative)
यामूसोकुरो(आधिकारिक),
आबिदजान(प्रशासनिक)
ComorosकोमोरोजMoroniमोरोनी
Gambiaगाम्बियाBanjulबान्जुल
GuineaगिनीConakryकोनाक्री
Guinea-Bissauगिनी-बिसाऊBissauबिसाउ
GabonगबोनLibrevilleलिब्रेविले
GhanaघानाAccraअक्रा
ChadचैडN'Djamenaन'दजामेना
Zambiaजाम्बियाLusakaलुसाका
Zimbabweज़िम्बाब्वेHarareहरारे
DjiboutiजिबूतीDjiboutiजिबूती
TogoटोगोLomeलोमे
Tunisiaट्यूनिशियाTunisट्यूनिस
TanzaniaतंजानियाDodoma 
(official and legislative),
Dar es Salaam 
(administrative)
डोडोमा
(आधिकारिक और संवैधानिक),
दार एस सलाम
(प्रशासनिक)
South Africaदक्षिण अफ़्रीकाPretoria (administrative),
Cape Town (legislative),
Bloemfontein (judicial)
प्रिटोरिया(प्रशासनिक),
केपटाउन(संवैधानिक),
ब्लोयम्फोन्टेन(न्यायिक)
South Sudanदक्षिण सूडानJubaजूबा
NigerनाइजरNiameyनियामे
NigeriaनाईजीरियाAbujaअबुजा
NamibiaनामीबियाWindhoekविंडहोक
Burundiबरण्डीGitegaगितेगा
Burkina Fasoबुर्किना फासोOuagadougouऊगादोगो
BeninबेनिनPorto-Novo (official),
Cotonou (de facto)
पोर्टो-नोवो(आधिकारिक),
कोटोनाउ(प्रशासनिक)
Botswanaबोत्सवानाGaboroneगोबोर्नी
Equatorial Guineaभूमध्यरेखीय गिनीMalaboमालाबो
Central African Republicमध्य अफ़्रीकी गणराज्यBanguiबैंगुई
MalawiमलावीLilongweलिलोंगवेल
MaliमालीBamakoबमाको
Madagascarमेडागास्करAntananarivoअन्टाननरीवो
MauritaniaमॉरीतानियाNouakchottनवाक्शूत
MauritiusमॉरीशसPort Louisपोर्ट लुइस
Mozambiqueमोजा़म्बीकMaputoमापुटो
Moroccoमोरक्कोRabatरबात
UgandaयुगांडाKampalaकम्पाला
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