Articles by "Direct and Indirect Narration"
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Mixed Sentences

If there are different types of sentences in Reported Speech then for making indirect, rules must be used according to the type of sentence. Firstly, make the indirect of every part of sentences differently. There should be a use of particular Reporting Verb before every type of sentence. Lastly, all the sentences should be written together.
(Hindi translation) यदि किसी reported speech में विभिन्न प्रकार के वाक्य हों तो वाक्य के प्रकार के अनुसार ही Indirect बनाने के नियमों का प्रयोग करना चाहिए । प्रत्येक प्रकार के वाक्य के पहले उसके अनुकूल Reporting Verb का प्रयोग करना चाहिए और अंत में सब वाक्यों को मिलाकर एक साथ लिखना चाहिए ।

Direct : The teacher became angry with the student and said, "Why have you again disturbed the class in this way? I have told you before, that when I am speaking, you should be silent. Leave the room and do not return today."
Indirect : The teacher became angry with the student and asked why he had again disturbed the class in that way. He reminded him that he had told him before that he should be silent when he was speaking. He therefore ordered him to leave the room and not to return again that day.


Dialogues
(i) Dialogues are direct but sometimes they are used without inverted commas. So we must watch that conversation is going between whom and what is the relation between them. Generally, the one who speaks known as the subject of Reporting Verb and whom talking to known as Object.
(ii) Sometimes Reporting Verb does not remain present. In these conditions Reporting Verb (told, asked, requested, ordered etc) should be used according to aspect or notion.
(iii) when Reporting verb is not given then make it in the past tense.
(Hindi Translation) 
(i) Dialogues Direct में होते हैं , परन्तु फिर भी उनमें Inverted commas नहीं दिए जाते हैं इसलिए देख लेना चाहिए की वार्तालाप किस -किस के बीच हो रहा हैं तथा उनमें क्या सम्बन्ध हैं । साधारणतया जो पात्र बोलता है वह Reporting Verb का कर्ता होता है और जिससे बात कही जाती है वह object होता है ।
(ii) कभी -कभी Reporting verb नहीं दिया होता है । ऐसी दशा में भाव के अनुसार Reporting Verb (told, asked, requested, ordered etc) का प्रयोग करना चाहिए । 
(iii) जब Reporting verb न दिया हो तो उसे past tense में बनाते है । 

Direct : Seema said to Reema, "Will you go to school today?"
Reema said, "No."
Seema said, "Why ?"
Reema said, "Because I am not feeling well."
Indirect : Seema asked Reema whether she would go to school that day. Reema replied that she would not go. Seema asked her why she would not go. Reema replied that she would not go because she was not feeling well.

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Direct and Indirect Narration
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Kind of the sentenceNature of the sentenceReporting verbConjunction
 AssertiveGeneral Statementsaid/toldthat
InterrogativeQuestion(?) mark at the end of a sentence.
(i)Starting with 'who', 'which', 'what', 'why', 'when', 'where', 'how' etc. question words.
(ii)Starting with 'do', 'did', 'is', 'was', 'can', 'shall', 'will', 'have' etc helping verbs.		asked/ enquired of(i)No different connective; Question word use as a conjunction.
(ii) if or whether
Imperativerequest, order, advise etc. The sentence starts with a verb. 
Subject 'you' remains hidden.		requested, 
begged, 
commanded, 
ordered, 
advised, 
forbade		Do not use conjunction after Reporting verb.
OptativeWish cognitive or pray to GodWished or prayedthat
Exclamatorysurprise, sorrow, joy indicator. 
Exclamation (!) mark at the end of the sentence.		exclaimed, 
cried out, 
shouted etc.		that


Direct and Indirect Narration
Introduction
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इनमें joy, sorrow, surprise आदि प्रकट किया जाता हैं ।
Exclamatory Sentences - Direct and Indirect Speech

 Rule 1: Interjections को समाप्त कर देते हैं क्योकि इनके भाव तो Reporting verb से स्पष्ट हो जाते हैं ।
Interjection - Hurrah से joy, Alas से sorrow, what a तथा how से surprise तथा bravo से approval प्रकट होता है । 

Rule 2: Inverted commas को that में बदल देते हैं । 

Rule 3: Note of exclamation (!) के बदले full stop (.) का  प्रयोग करते हैं  । 

Rule 4: Person और Tense का परिवर्तन Assertive वाक्य की तरह होता है । 

Rule 5: Reporting verb 'said' के स्थान पर परिवर्तन निम्न प्रकार से करने चाहिए :
i) यदि प्रसन्नता प्रकट की गयी है, तो exclaimed with joy या exclaimed with delight का प्रयोग करते हैं । 
Direct : He said, "Hurrah! I have passed the examination."
Indirect : He exclaimed with delight that he had passed the examination.

ii) यदि शोक प्रकट किया हो, तो exclaimed with sorrow या exclaimed with grief का प्रयोग करते हैं । 
Direct : The student said, "Alas! My friend is dead."
Indirect : The student exclaimed with sorrow that his friend was dead.


iii) यदि प्रशंसा की गयी है, तो praised या applauded का प्रयोग करते है । 
Direct : The soldiers said, "Bravo! We have won."
Indirect :  The soldiers applauded they had won.

iv) What a या How से अधिकता प्रकट होती है  इसलिए इनके स्थान पर very या great का प्रयोग करते है । 
यदि what a या how के बाद noun आये तो उसे great से बदलते है परन्तु उसके बाद Adjective आने पर उसे very में बदलते हैं इसमें Reporting verb said को exclaimed में बदल देते हैं । 
a) Direct : The child said, "How beautiful the flower is !"
Indirect : The child exclaimed that the flower was very beautiful.

b) Direct : The master said, "What a lazy fellow you are !"
Indirect : The master exclaimed that I was a very lazy fellow.

 v) यदि वाक्य में Good Heavens का प्रयोग हो तो Reporting verb को exclaimed with surprise में बदल देते हैं । 
Direct : The old man said, "Good Heavens! The hut has caught fire."
Indirect : The old man exclaimed with surprise that the hut had caught fire.

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Reported Speech में request or wish के अर्थ में May का प्रयोग हो तो उसे Optative sentence कहते है ।
Optative Sentences - Direct and Indirect Speech

Rule 1: Reporting verb 'said' को 'wished', 'cursed' या 'prayed' में बदलकर sentence को assertive में बदल देते  हैं, connective word 'that' लगाते हैं तथा Interjection के निशान (!) को हटा देते हैं |

 Note a) शुभकामना व्यकत करने के लिए wish तथा श्राप के लिए curse का प्रयोग करते हैं |
Note b) Request to God के लिए prayed का प्रयोग करते हैं |

a) Direct : He said to me, "May you live long !"
Indirect : He wished that I might live long.

b) Direct : She said, "May your enemy go to hell !"
Indirect : She cursed that my enemy might go to hell.

c) Direct : Seema said to me, "May God bless you with children !"
Indirect : Seema prayed that God might bless me with children.


Rule 2: Reported speech में Good night या Good bye का प्रयोग होता हैं तो said के स्थान पर bade का प्रयोग करते हैं तथा Good morning का प्रयोग हो तो said के स्थान पर wished प्रयोग करते हैं |
a) Direct : He said to her, "Good bye, my sister !"
Indirect : He bade good bye to his sister.
or
He bade his sister good bye.

b) Direct : My friend said to me, "Good morning, I am happy to see you !"
Indirect : My friend wished good morning to me and said that he was happy to see me.

c) Direct : The son said, "Good night, Mom !"
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जब किसी वाक्य में आज्ञा (order), परामर्श(advice) या प्रार्थना (request) प्रकट की गयी हो तो उसे Imperative Sentence कहते हैं । इसमें करता you छिपा रहता है तथा वाक्य finite verb से प्रारम्भ होता है । 
Imperative Sentences - Direct and Indirect Speech

Rule 1: Reporting Verb 'said' को भाव के अनुसार इस प्रकार बदलते है :
a) order - ordered, commanded
b) advice - advised, urged
c) request - requested, begged, implored, entreated

Rule 2: Reported Speech के verb के पहले 'to' जोड़कर infinitive बना देते हैं । Example :
Direct : The Teacher said to me, "Sit in your class and learn your lesson."
Indirect : The teacher ordered me to sit in my class and learn my lesson.

Rule 3: Reported Speech के Vocative Case के noun को Reporting Verb का कर्म (Object) बना देते हैं । Example :
Direct : He said, "Work hard, friends."
Indirect : He advised his friends to work hard.

Rule 4: जब Reported Speech 'Do not' से प्रारम्भ हो, तो इसके परिवर्तन की दो विधिया है, जैसे :
a) Reporting Verb को forbade में बदल दिया जाता है तथा Reported Speech में आये हुए 'do not' को समाप्त करके क्रिया से पहले to लगा देते है । जैसे :
Direct : The teacher said to the boy, "Do not abuse anyone."
Indirect : The teacher forbade the boy to abuse anyone.
b) Reporting Verb 'said' को भाव  अनुसार ordered, advised या requested में बदला जाता है परन्तु इसमें Reported Speech में से केवल 'do' हटता है और 'not' के बाद 'to' infinitive का प्रयोग किया जाता है ।  जैसे :
Direct : Your father said to the boy, "Do not waste your time."
Indirect : Your father advised the boy not to waste his time.


Rule 5: Reported Speech जब never से प्रारम्भ हो तो Reporting verb को advised में बदल देते हैं और never तथा क्रिया के बीच to का प्रयोग करते हैं । जैसे -
Direct : Your father said to the boy, "Never waste your time."
Indirect : Your father advised the boy never to waste his time.

Rule 6: जब Reported Speech में 'Sir', 'Please', 'Kindly' आदि शब्दों का प्रयोग होता है तो Reported Verb को requested से बदल देते हैं । जैसे -
Direct : She said to Reena, "Kindly help me."
Indirect : She requested Reena to help her.

Rule 7: यदि Reported Speech में If से प्रारम्भ होने वाले clause में सलाह का भाव  है तो Indirect Speech में should का प्रयोग करना चाहिए । जैसे -
Direct : The father said, "If you suffer from cold and cough, consult a doctor surely."
Indirect : The father said if I suffered from cold and cough, I should consult a doctor surely.

Some more examples :
Direct : She said, "Could I use your pen?"
Indirect : She requested me to use my pen.

Direct : She said, "Would you like to have lunch with me?"
Indirect : She invited me to have lunch with her.

Direct : "Would you please give me your bag?" she said to me.
Indirect : She requested me to give her my bag. 


Imperative sentences में आये Let को बदलने के नियम 
A) For Proposal (प्रस्ताव)
i) Reporting verb को proposed या suggested में बदल देते हैं । 
ii) Inverted commas को हटाकर that लगाते हैं । 
iii) Objective case (us) को Nominative case (we or they) में reporting verb के subject के person के अनुसार बदलते  हैं । 
iv) Let को should में बदलते हैं और इसे we or they के बाद लिखते हैं। 
a) Direct : Sam said, "Let us go for a party."
Indirect : Sam proposed that they should go for a party.

b) Direct : I said to Reena, "Let us play a game."
Indirect : I suggested to Reena that we should play a game.

c) Direct : "Let's go to the market," said Asha, "Let's not," said Neha.
Indirect : Asha suggested to Neha that we should go to the market but Neha objected.
or
Asha suggested to Neha that we should go to the market but Neha was against it.

Note : For reporting Let's not of an affirmative suggestion, we use objected or was against it. (See example c)

B) For Request (प्रार्थना)
i) Reporting verb को requested में बदल देते हैं । 
ii) Let को to let में बदलते हैं या फिर let के स्थान पर that लगाकर noun या pronoun के साथ might be allowed to लिखकर क्रिया की first form लगाते हैं ।
Note : If request or advice is started with 'Let there be' then we have to report it with 'that there should be'.


a) Direct : He said, "Let me go home."
Indirect : He requested to let him go home.
or
He requested that he might be allowed to go home.

b) Direct : I said to Kanika, "Let there be no talk about you."
Indirect : I advised to Kanika that there should be no talk about you.

C) For Command (आदेश)
i) Reporting verb को ordered में बदल देते हैं । 
ii) Let के स्थान पर that लगाकर noun या pronoun के बाद should का प्रयोग करते हैं । 
Direct : The policeman said, "Let the man go."
Indirect : The policeman ordered that the man should go. 

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Interrogative sentences से प्रश्न का बोध होता है , इस प्रकार के sentences को Indirect में बदलते समय निम्नलिखित बातों का ध्यान रखना चाहिए :

Rule 1: Reporting Verb 'said to' को asked या enquired of में बदल देते हैं ।

Rule 2: प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यो में 'That' conjuction का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता ।

Rule 3: Indirect में प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य को साधारण वाक्य (Assertive Sentence) बना देते हैं । प्रश्नवाचक चिन्ह (?) हटा दिया जाता है , और उसके स्थान पर Full Stop(.) का प्रयोग किया जाता है ।

Rule 4: Reported Speech के Pronoun, Verb तथा अन्य शब्दों को Assertive sentences के नियमो के अनुसार बदलते हैं ।

Rule 5: जब Direct Speech में ऐसा प्रश्न हो जिसका उत्तर "Yes" या "No" में दिया जा सके अर्थात Reported Speech किसी सहायक क्रिया (Auxiliary verb) जैसे - is, are, am, was, were, do, does, did, shall, will, has, have, had, can, may आदि से शुरू हुई है तो Indirect Speech को Connective word 'if' या 'whether' से प्रारम्भ किया जाता है । उसके बाद करता लगाकर फिर से क्रिया का प्रयोग करते हैं । जैसे -
1. Direct - Aksay said to me, "Are you reading a newspaper?" 
   Indirect - Aksay asked me if I was reading a newspaper.
2. Direct - I said to him, "Can you tell me what the time is ?"
   Indirect - I asked him whether he could tell me what the time was.


Rule 6: अगर Reported Speech में सहायक क्रिया Do या Does हो और उसके बाद 'not' न हो तो Indirect बनाते समय उनको हटा देते हैं, और मुख्य क्रिया को Simple Past Tense में बदल देते है । जैसे - 
1. Direct - She said to me, "Do you know Hemant?" 
   Indirect - She asked me whether I knew Hemant.
2. Direct - I said to him, "Do you tell me the matter?"
   Indirect - I asked him if he told me the matter.

Rule 7: अगर Reported Speech में Do या Does के बाद 'not' हो तो do या does के स्थान पर 'did' कर दिया जाता है । इस प्रकार Reported Speech के verb का Past Tense अपने आप बन जाता है । जैसे -
1. Direct - Father said to me, "Do you not obey me?" 
   Indirect - Father asked me if I did not obey him.
2. Direct - I said to him, "Don't you go to college today?"
   Indirect - I asked him if he didn't go to college that day.

Rule 8: अगर Reported Speech में 'did' helping verb हो तो इसे हटा कर मुख्य क्रिया को Past perfect tense में बदल देते है । जैसे -
Direct - He said to me, "Did you give me your phone?" 
Indirect - He asked me whether I had given him my phone.

Rule 9: यदि Reported Speech प्रश्नसूचक शब्द (what, who, which, whom, whose, when, why, how आदि ) से शुरू होती है तो Indirect Speech में कोई अन्य connective नहीं लगाया जाना चाहिए । ये शब्द ही connective होते है । जैसे -
1. Direct - I said to her, "Who are you?" 
   Indirect - I asked her who she was.
2. Direct - He said to him, "Where do you live?"
   Indirect - He asked him where he lived.


Rule 10: 'yes', 'no' answer to questions -
1. Direct - I said to her, "Can you give me this book?" She said, "Yes."
   Indirect - I asked her if she could give me that book. She replied that she could.
2. Direct - He said to Ashok, "Are you attending the class?" Ashok said, "No."
   Indirect - He asked Ashok if he was attending the class. Ashok said that he was not.

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समय या स्थिति की निकटता सूचक शब्दों को बदलने के नियम (Rules for change of words expressing nearness of time or position)

Rule 1: Reported Speech में प्रयुक्त समय अथवा स्थिति की निकटता (nearness of time or position) सूचक शब्दों को दूरी प्रकट करने वाले शब्दों में बदल देते हैं । जैसे :
ago : before
come : go
hence : thence
hither : thither
here : there
just : then
now : then
this : that
these : those
thus : so
to-night : that night
today : that day
tomorrow : the next day or the following day
yesterday : the previous day or the day before
last night/week/year : the previous night/week/year
next week/month/year : the following week/month/year
yesterday morning : the previous morning or the morning before


 Examples :
1. Direct - He said to them, "I will leave you now."
    Indirect - He told them that he would leave them then.
2. Direct - Ritesh said to Komal, "I cannot go with you till next Monday."
    Indirect - Ritesh told Komal that he could not go with him till the following Monday.
3. Direct - He said to me, "I came here yesterday."
    Indirect - He told me that he had gone there the previous day.

 Rule 2: यदि this, here और now आदि किसी ऐसी वस्तु या स्थान या समय की और संकेत करे जो कहते समय वक्ता के सामने उपस्थित हो तो Indirect बनाते समय उनमे कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता, बल्कि उन्हें ज्यो का त्यों रख देते है। जैसे :
1. Direct - He said to me, "This is my house."
    Indirect - He told me that this was his house.
2. Direct - The leader says, "I am glad to be here this morning.."
    Indirect - The leader says that he is glad to be here this morning.
3. Direct - He said to me, "I will do it now."
    Indirect - He told me that he would do it now.

Rule 3: This या these का प्रयोग यदि समय की ऒर संकेत के लिए होता है तो Indirect में इनको that या those में ही बदलते हैं । पर यदि this या these का प्रयोग Adjectives की भाँति हुआ है तो Indirect बनाते समय that या those के स्थान पर the का प्रयोग भी कर सकते हैं।


 Examples :
1. Direct - He said, "We are going for a party this week."
    Indirect - He said that they were going for a party that week.
2. Direct - she said, "I am preparing for the test these days"
    Indirect - The leaders say that he was preparing for the test those days.
3. Direct - He said, "I have typed all these essays"
    Indirect - He said that he had typed all the essays.
or
                He said that he had typed all those essays.

कुछ विशेष परिवर्तन (Some important changes):
A. कभी-कभी Reported Speech में कुछ Nouns, Vocative case में आ जाते है, Indirect Narration में  परिवर्तन करते समय वे Reporting Verb के Object बन जाते हैं । जैसे :
1. Direct - Hemant said, "Ashok, I shall give you a book."
    Indirect - Hemant told Ashok that he would give him a book.
2. Direct - "My sons," said the old farmer, "I am planting these trees for you."
    Indirect - The old farmer told his sons that he was planting those trees for them.

B. यदि Inverted Commas के अंदर सम्बोधन के शब्द (Terms of address) का प्रयोग हो, तो उनको objects में बदल देते है या फिर उन्हें address....as के बाद रखते हैं । जैसे :
Direct - "Naughty boy," said his mother, "You have been fighting again."
Indirect - Addressing her son as a naughty boy the mother said that he had been fighting again.

C. Needn't को Indirect speech में ज्यो का त्यों रहने देते हैं । जैसे :
Direct - He said to his wife, "I needn't go there now."
Indirect - He told his wife that he needn't go there then.


D. यदि Inverted Commas के भीतर "well" या "you see" शब्द हो तो Indirect बनाते समय इन शब्दों को हटा देते हैं क्योकि ये निरर्थक शब्द हैं । जैसे :
1. Direct - Hemant said, "Well Ashok, I shall give you a book."
    Indirect - Hemant told Ashok that he would give him a book.
2. Direct - The mother said, "You see, I am planting these trees for you."
    Indirect - The mother said that she was planting those trees for them.

E. जिन शर्त बताने वाले (conditional) वाक्यो से काल्पनिक अथवा अवास्तविक स्थिति का बोध होता है, उनमे अवास्तविक भूतकाल (Unreal past tense) का प्रयोग होता है । Indirect Speech में इनमे कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता है । जैसे :
Direct - He said, "If my college was near the house I would always be on time."
Indirect - He said that if her college was near the house she would always be on time.

F. Reported Speech में thank you का प्रयोग होने पर Indirect Speech में Reporting verb को thanked में बदल देते हैं । इसी तरह Reported Speech में प्रयुक्त hope, feel आदि को भी Reporting Verb बना देते हैं । जैसे -
1. Direct - The pupil said to the teacher, "Thank you, sir, for your help."
Indirect - The pupil respectfully thanked the teacher for his help.
2. Direct - She said, "I hope my mother will come tomorrow."
Indirect - She hoped that my mother would come the next day.

 Recommended Post - Exercises based on the use of Assertive Sentences Part 3 - Direct and Indirect Narration

Direct and Indirect Narration
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4
Persons में परिवर्तन के नियम (Rules for the change of Persons)

Rule 1: Direct से Indirect बनाते समय Reported Speech के First Person के Pronouns (I, me, my, mine, we, us, ours) को Reporting Verb के Subject के Person, Number और Gender के अनुसार बदल देते है । जैसे :
1. Direct - I said, "I do not like that book."
    Indirect - I said that I did not like that book.
2. Direct - You said, "I am learning my lesson."
    Indirect - you said that you were learning your lesson.
3. Direct - They said, "We want to go to Delhi."
    Indirect - They said that they wanted to go to Delhi.

 Rule 2: Direct से Indirect में परिवर्तन करते समय Reported Speech में आये हुए Second Person के Pronouns('you', 'your', 'yours') को reporting Verb के Object के Person, Number और Gender के अनुसार बदल देते है । जैसे :
1. Direct - He said to me, "You are happy."
    Indirect - He told me that I was happy.
2. Direct - You said to him, "You are very sad."
    Indirect - You told him that you were very sad.
3. Direct - He said to them, "You are not doing any work."
    Indirect - He told them that they were not doing any work.


Rule 3: Direct से Indirect में परिवर्तन करते समय Reported Speech में आये हुए Third Person के Pronouns (he, she, it, they, his, her, its, their, him, them) में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं करते है । जैसे :
1. Direct - He said, "He is a postman."
    Indirect - He said that he was a postman.
2. Direct - You said, "She is not a good girl."
    Indirect - You said that she was not a good girl.
3. Direct -  Alam said to Kriya, "I shall always help you."
    Indirect - He told them that he(Alam) would always help her(Kriya).

Table of Changes in Pronouns :

PersonNominative or Subjective formObjective formPossessive form
First PersonI, Weme, usmy, mine, our, ours
Second PersonYouyouyour, yours
Third PersonHe
She
It
They		him
her
it
them		his
her, hers
its
their, theirs


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