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विराम चिन्हों के हिंदी और अंग्रेजी नाम
EnglishMarksHindi
Full Stop/Period
.
पूर्ण विराम
Comma
,
अल्प विराम
Colon
:
अपूर्ण विराम
Semicolon
;
अर्ध विराम
Question Mark
?
प्रशनवाचक चिन्ह 
Exclamation Mark
!
विस्मयादिबोधक चिन्ह
Double Quotation Mark
" "
दोहरे उद्धरण चिन्ह
Single Quotation Mark
' '
इकहरे उद्धरण चिन्ह
Apostrophe
'
अक्षर लोप या सम्बन्ध का चिह्न
Hyphen
-
योजक चिन्ह
Dash
―
निर्देशक चिन्ह
Parentheses/Round Brackets
()
छोटा कोष्ठक
Curly Brackets
{}
मझला कोष्ठक
Square Brackets
[]
बड़ा कोष्ठक
Ellipsis
...
दीर्घवृत्त चिह्न
Slash
/
स्लैश चिह्न
Following Sign
:-
विवरण चिन्ह
Abbreviation Sign
०
संक्षेप सूचक चिन्ह
Flawed Sign
^
विस्मरण चिन्ह/त्रुटिपूरक चिन्ह
Equal Sign
=
तुल्यता सूचक चिन्ह


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Rule 1. 'and' और 'but' का प्रयोग दो Statements या दो Coordinating Clauses को जोड़ने के लिए होता है |
'and' समान शब्दों और clauses को एक दूसरे से जोड़ता है परन्तु 'but' उनमें contrast दिखलाता है |
Examples:
(a) Your father came here and met me.
(b) Your father came here but he did not meet me.

 Rule 2. Conjunction 'Both' के बाद 'as well as' का प्रयोग न करके 'and' का प्रयोग करते है |
Example:
Incorrect: Both Ram as well as his sister have passed.
Correct: Both Ram and his sister have passed.

 Both का प्रयोग Negative sense में नहीं करते है | Negative sentence बनाने के लिए Neither..... nor का प्रयोग करते है |
Example:
Incorrect: Both Ram as well as his sister have not passed.
Correct: Neither Ram nor his sister has passed.

 Rule 3. 'and' का प्रयोग दो वस्तुओं को जोड़ने में होता है जबकि 'or' दो वस्तुओं में एक को बतलाता है |
Example:
(a) Do you want to marry Sita or Geeta?
(b) I want a laptop or a desktop.

 Rule 4. Either...or, Neither....nor, Both....and, Though......yet, Whether....or, Not only......but also Conjunctions जोड़ों (pairs) में प्रयोग होते हैं |
Examples:
(a) Though Sita is ill, yet she works hard.
(b) I cannot say whether she will come here or not.

 Rule 5. No sooner के बाद verb का प्रयोग Interrogative sentence की तरह होता है परन्तु Question mark (?) नहीं लगाते है और उसके बाद than  प्रयोग करते है | No sooner....than (ज्योंही) का प्रयोग केवल Past Tense में करते है |
Example:
Incorrect: No sooner she came here than she shut the door.
Correct: No sooner did she come here than she shut the door.


 Rule 6. Scarcely या Hardly के बाद 'when'  का प्रयोग होता है  'then' का नहीं होता है |
Examples:
(a) Incorrect: Scarcely (or Hardly) he had gone then his sister returned from her office.
Correct: Scarcely (or Hardly) had he gone when his sister returned from her office.
(b) Incorrect: Hardly she had gone to bed then a thief broke into her house.
Correct: Hardly had she gone to bed when a thief broke into her house.

 Rule 7. Lest (ऐसा न हो कि) के साथ should का प्रयोग होता है और not नहीं लगाते है |
Example:
Incorrect: Work hard lest you may not fail.
Correct: Work hard lest you should fail.

 Rule 8. जब Such और Same का प्रयोग Adjective की तरह हो तो उनके बाद who, when  या which नहीं आता हैं बल्कि Conjunction 'as' आता है | 
Example :
Incorrect: He has such a laptop which you cannot find elsewhere.
Correct: He has such a laptop as you cannot find elsewhere.

 Rule 9. What, when, how, why आदि प्रश्नवाचक शब्द के पहले 'that' नहीं लगाना चाहिए | 
Example:
Incorrect: I asked her that why she was late. 
Correct: I asked her why she was late.

 Rule 10. When और if के बाद 'then' का प्रयोग नहीं होता है | केवल then के स्थान पर Comma(,) लगा देते है | 
Example:
Incorrect: When she came here then I was reading a book.
Correct: When she came here, I was reading a book.

 Rule 11. Unless और Until दोनों Negative शब्द हैं इसलिए इनके बाद not, never का प्रयोग नहीं होता है | 
Unless शर्त और Until समय के लिए प्रयोग होते हैं | 
Examples:
(a) Incorrect: Unless you do not work hard, you will fail.
Correct: Unless you work hard, you will fail.
(b) Incorrect: I shall wait here until your father does not come.
Correct: I shall wait here until your father comes.

 Rule 12. Define, describe, mention, regards, represent आदि verbs के बाद 'as' का प्रयोग होता है | 
Call, consider, name, think आदि verbs के बाद 'as' का प्रयोग नहीं होता है |
Examples :
Incorrect: You ought to have regarded her your superior.
Correct:  You ought to have regarded her as your superior.

 Rule 13. Suppose और if का प्रयोग साथ साथ नहीं होता है | 
Example :
Incorrect: Suppose if the teacher comes, you will be fined.
Correct: Supposing the teacher comes, you will be fined.

 Rule 14. As के बाद 'so' का प्रयोग नहीं होता है | केवल so के स्थान पर Comma(,) लगा देते है | 
Example :
Incorrect: As I am not feeling well so I shall not be able to attend the ceremony.
Correct: As I am not feeling well, I shall not be able to attend the ceremony.

 Rule 15. Because कारण बताता है इसलिए इसका प्रयोग दो में से बाद वाले उपवाक्य में होता है | 
Example :
(a) He cannot buy a bicycle because he is poor.

 Rule 16. Since जब Conjunction की तरह प्रयोग होता है तो Since से पहले वाली clause Present Perfect Tense में और बाद वाली Simple Past Tense में प्रयोग होती है | 
Example :
Incorrect: Two years passed since my friend has died.
Correct: Two years have passed since my friend died.


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Definition : A Conjunction is a word which is used to join words or sentences together.
परिभाषा : Conjunction उस शब्द को कहते है, जो दो words या sentences को जोड़ता है | 

 Unlined words are Conjunctions.
Underline किये हुए शब्द Conjunctions हैं | 

 There are three kinds of Conjunction :
Conjunction तीन प्रकार के होते है :

 1. Coordinating Conjunctions : 
A Conjunction that joins sentences of equal rank or order together is called Coordinating Conjunction.
जो Conjunction, दो स्वतंत्र उपवाक्यों, जो अपने दो अलग-अलग अर्थ रखते हो, को जोड़ता है, Coordinating Conjunction कहलाता है | 

 Examples : and, but, or, yet, still, however, so, therefore etc.
(a) The sun set and the night fell.
(b) Work hard or you will fail.
(c) She is poor still people love her.
(d) You are late therefore you cannot catch the train.


 2. Subordinating Conjunctions : 
A Conjunction that joins sentences of unequal rank or order together is called Subordinating Conjunction.
जो Conjunction एक दूसरे पर आश्रित रहने वाले उपवाक्यों को जोड़ता है, Subordinating Conjunction कहलाता है | 

 Examples : because, so, where, though, if, when, after, before, till, until, wherever, as, since, although, even if, however, unless, that etc.
(a) I like her because she is honest.
(b) I know where you were born.
(c) He is happy though he is very poor.
(d) We know that God is Almighty.

 3. Correlative Conjunctions :
Conjunctions which are used in pairs are called Correlative Conjunctions.
जो Conjunctions जोड़ों में प्रयोग किये जाते है, Correlative Conjunctions कहलाते है | 

 Examples : either....or, neither....nor, both...and, though....yet, not only.....but also, so....that, hardly.....when, no sooner...than etc.
(a) Either Ramesh or Suresh has taken your laptop.
(b) Both Reena and her sister went to Delhi.
(c) Though she is poor yet she is honest.
(d) No sooner did she see the lion than she ran away.



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Definition: A Preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by its stands in regard to something else. -Wren & Martin
परिभाषा: ऐसे शब्द जो संज्ञा या सर्वनाम से पहले लगाये जाते हैं और उनके बीच स्थान की दृष्टि से कुछ सम्बन्ध बतलाते हैं Preposition कहलाते हैं | 

 Examples में underline किए हुए शब्द Prepositions हैं |

 Rule 1. प्राय: In, At, Into, On, Upon, Within, After, To, With, By, Beside, Besides, Between, Among, From, For, Since, Over, Above, Behind, About, Along, Beyond, Through, Without, of आदि का प्रयोग Preposition की तरह होता है |
Examples :
(a) My sister lives in California.
(b) He jumped into the well.
(c) The glass is on the table.
(d) The cat jumped upon the table.
(e) She will return from London within a week.
(f) Your letter came after a month.
(g) Your son went to school.
(h) He wrote a letter with his pen.
(i) Terrorists were killed by the Army.
(j) Your sheep was grazing beside my field. (Beside means 'By the side of' बिल्कुल नज़दीक)
(k) Besides this, I want one other book. (Besides means 'In addition to' अतिरिक्त)


 Rule 2. प्राय: Preposition अपने object पहले आता है |
Examples :
(a) There is a fox in the field.
(b) She is fond of Apples.

 लेकिन निम्न दशाओं में यह rule लागू नहीं होता है :

 (i) जब किसी Preposition का Object, Relative Pronoun 'that' है तो Preposition हमेशा अन्त में आयेगा |
Examples :
(a) Here is the pen that you asked for.
(b) This is the servant that I was speaking of.

 (ii) जब Relative Pronoun छिपा हो तो Preposition वाक्य के अन्त में आता है |
Examples :
(a) This is the book (which) I was talking about.
(b) She found (what) she was looking for.

 (iii) Preposition वाक्य के अन्त में आता है जब उसका Object कोई Interrogative Pronoun हो |
(a) Where did she come from?
(b) Whom were you speaking to?

 Rule 3. Considering, barring, concerning, during, pending, touching, regarding आदि स्वयं Prepositions का काम करते हैं इसलिए इन शब्दों के बाद Prepositions का प्रयोग नहीं होता हैं | 
Example :
Incorrect: Concerning about his work, Vivek is not careless.
Correct: Concerning his work, Vivek is not careless.

 Rule 4. एक साथ दो Prepositions का प्रयोग नहीं होता है | 
Example :
Incorrect: In spite of these things she was against of divorce.
Correct: In spite of these things she was against divorce.

 Rule 5. Befit, combat, order, obey, pervade, recommend, resemble, sign, violate आदि Transitive Verbs हैं इसलिए इनके बाद किसी भी Preposition का प्रयोग नहीं करते है | 
Example :
Incorrect:  She resembles with her mother.
Correct: She resembles her mother.

 Rule 6. निम्नलिखित Phrases का प्रयोग Prepositions की तरह करते है | 
Examples: According to, Because of, By means of, For the sake of, On behalf of, With regard to, On account of, Due to आदि | 
(a) On account of the hard work she passed.
(b) Due to his carelessness, he suffered miserably.

 Rule 7.  निम्नलिखित शब्दों के बाद प्राय: Preposition 'for' का प्रयोग करते है :
Affection, anxiety, ambition, aptitude, appetite, care, compensation, candidate, desire, eager, eligible, fit, good, grateful, guarantee, hope, match, need, opportunity, pity, prepared, proper, qualified, ready, sorry, sufficient, sure, useful, wish, yearn.


 Rule 8.  निम्नलिखित शब्दों के बाद प्राय: Preposition 'from' का प्रयोग करते है :
Abstain, debar, deviate, differ, descent, emerge, exclude, prevent, protect, recover

Rule 9.  निम्नलिखित शब्दों के बाद प्राय: Preposition 'in का प्रयोग करते है :
Absorb, accomplish, accurate, correct, delight, defective, fail, honest, interested, versed

Rule 10.  निम्नलिखित शब्दों के बाद प्राय: Preposition 'of' का प्रयोग करते है :
Afraid, assured, assurance, aware, beware, boast, cautious, confident, desirous, devoid, die, dispose, experience, fearful, fond, greedy, guilty, ignorant, irrespective, proof, proud, sick, sure, weary, worthy

Rule 11.  निम्नलिखित शब्दों के बाद प्राय: Preposition 'on' का प्रयोग करते है :
Comment, decide, depend, embark, insist, resolve, subsist

Rule 12.  निम्नलिखित शब्दों के बाद प्राय: Preposition 'to' का प्रयोग करते है :
Access, acceptable, accustomed, addicted, adhere, affectionate, agreeable, apologise, appoint, applicable, appropriate, approach, attend, attention, belong, contrary, due, devoted, equal, exception, indifferent, key, listen, loyal, obliged, opposite, opposition, prefer, prior, reduced, refer, responsible, sacred, subject, true

Rule 13.  निम्नलिखित शब्दों के बाद प्राय: Preposition 'with' का प्रयोग करते है :
Acquaintance, afflicted, busy, comparison, comply, conformity, contented, cope, disagree, dispense, endowed, enmity, fill, gifted, infected, infested, inspired, intercourse, intimacy, invested, meddle, overcome, satisfied, sympathize


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Note: Please read "Kinds of Adverbs" before reading Rules of Adverbs

 Rule 1. Adverb को जितना सम्भव हो सके उस शब्द के पास रखना चाहिए जिसको वह modify करता है, नहीं तो उसका अर्थ बदल जाता है |
Examples: 
Mohan has also decided to visit the Taj Mahal.
Mohan has decided to visit the Taj Mahal also.

 Rule 2.  जब कोई Adverb किसी Intransitive Verb (अकर्मक क्रिया) को modify करता है तो वह ठीक उसके बाद प्रयोग किया जाता है |
Examples:
(a) She lives peacefully.
(b) Her mother lives there.


 Rule 3. जब कोई Transitive Verb (सकर्मक क्रिया) अपने object के साथ आता है तो Adverb, object के बाद प्रयोग करते है |
Example: She did her task carefully.

 Rule 4. जब किसी वाक्य में Auxiliary verb (सहायक क्रिया) और Principal verb (मुख्य क्रिया) दोनों आते हो तो Adverb दोनों के बीच में आता है |
Example : 
(a) She will surely get good marks.
(b) I have certainly helped her.

 Rule 5. always, ever, frequently, never, often, seldom, sometimes आदि Adverbs of time उन verbs से पहले प्रयोग होते हैं जिनको वो modify करते हैं | (See examples a and b)
यदि वाक्य में verb to be (is, are, am, was, were) का प्रयोग हो तो Adverbs of time उसके बाद प्रयोग करते हैं | (See examples c and d)
Examples:
(a) She always speaks the truth.
(b) He often comes to school late.
(c) She is never late.
(d) I am always happy.


 Rule 6. जब कोई Adverb किसी Adjective या दूसरे Adverb को modify करता हैं तो वह Adverb उनके ठीक पहले प्रयोग होता है | 
Example: The man was quite rich.

 Rule 7. Adverb 'enough' हमेशा उस Adjective या Adverb के बाद प्रयोग होता है जिसको वह modify करता है | 
Example: He is rich enough to buy a car.

 Rule 8. very का प्रयोग Positive degree के Adjective तथा Adverb के साथ होता है | 
Examples: very intelligent, very interesting, very good, very insulting etc.
(a) The film is very interesting.
(b) I love her very dearly.

 Rule 9. कभी-कभी much का प्रयोग Comparative degree के Adjective के साथ है | 
Examples: much better, much surprised, much pleased etc.
(a) Sita is much better than Geeta.
(b) Sarthak is much superior to the other boy.

 Rule 10. Adverb 'too' का अर्थ जरूरत से ज्यादा होता है | too को very के अर्थ में प्रयोग नहीं करना चाहिए | 
Examples:
(a) Incorrect: The wind is very cold.
Correct: The wind is too cold.
(b) Incorrect: The girl is too beautiful.
Correct: The girl is very beautiful.
Recommended: Adverbs Worksheet

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Definition: Those words which modify the meaning of an adjective, verb, or other Adverb are called Adverb.
परिभाषा : संज्ञा, सर्वनाम को छोड़कर विशेषण, क्रिया या किसी क्रिया विशेषण की विशेषता बताने वाले शब्द क्रिया विशेषण कहलाते है |


The following are the main types of Adverbs. Underlined words in sentences are Adverbs.
1. Simple Adverb (सरल क्रिया विशेषण): Following are the types of Simple Adverb.

 (i) Adverb of Time (कालवाचक क्रिया विशेषण): Those words, which gives information of when something happened, happening or going to happen are called Adverbs of Time.
Examples: early, daily, now, lately, never, soon, recently, always, sometimes etc. 
(a) She went early.
(b) He walks daily.

 (ii) Adverb of Place (स्थानवाचक क्रिया विशेषण): Those words, which gives information of where something happened, happening or going to happen are called Adverbs of Place.
Examples: here, away, above, below, everywhere, out, in, there etc.
(a) Come here.
(b) She went away.

 (iii) Adverb of Number or Frequency (बारम्बारता वाचक क्रिया विशेषण): Those words, which gives information about how often something happened, happening or going to happen are called Adverbs of Number or Frequency.
Examples: again, always, each day, everyday, daily, twice, never, always, often etc.
(a) She has come again.
(b) You should always speak the truth.

 (iv) Adverb of Manner (रीतिवाचक क्रिया विशेषण): Those words, which gives information about how something happened, happening or going to happen are called Adverbs of Manner.
Examples: fast, hard, well, clearly, slowly, quickly, sadly, loudly etc.
(a) She runs fast.
(b) He reads clearly.

 (v) Adverb of Degree or Quantity (मात्रावाचक क्रिया विशेषण): Those words, which gives information of how much or to which extent something happened, happening or going to happen are called Adverbs of Degree or Quantity.
Examples: quite, too, nearly, almost, much, hardly etc.
(a) She is quite strong.
(b) She is too weak to walk.



 (vi) Adverb of Reason (कारणवाचक क्रिया विशेषण): Those words, which gives information of cause or intention of something are called Adverbs of Reason.
Examples: therefore, hence, thus, so, because, as, since, that etc.
(a) He therefore lost the chance.
(b) She ran so the dog barked on her.

 (vii) Adverb of Affirmation (स्वीकृतिवाचक क्रिया विशेषण): Those words, which gives information of confirmation or acceptance of something are called Adverbs of Affirmation.
Examples: yes, surely, certainly, truly, undoubtedly, clearly, exactly, affirmatively, obviously etc.
(a) Surely, she is rich.
(b) Yes, I will do my work.

 (viii) Adverb of Negation (अस्वीकृतिवाचक क्रिया विशेषण): Those words, which gives information of disapproval or rejection of something are called Adverbs of Negation.
Examples: not, no, never, hardly, almost, rarely, scarcely, barely, seldom, rare etc.
(a) I do not know him.
(b) No, she is still here.

 2. Interrogative Adverb (प्रश्नवाचक क्रिया विशेषण): Those words, which use first in sentences and ask questions are called Interrogative Adverbs.
Examples: why, when, where, how etc.
(a) Where do you live?
(b) How are you?

 3. Relative Adverb (सम्बन्धवाचक क्रिया विशेषण): Those words, which connect two sentences and modify the verb of sentences come after those words are called Relative Adverbs.
Examples: when, where, why etc.
(a) This is the place where I live.
(b) I know the time when he will come.


Recommended: Rules of Adverbs

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Note: Please read "Kinds of Verbs" before reading Rules of Verb.

 Rule 1. Verb अपने subject के number और person के अनुसार आता है |
Examples :
(a) Incorrect: He love her.
Correct: He loves her.
(b) Incorrect: They hates me.
Correct: They hate me.

 Rule 2. जब दो Singular Nouns एक ही व्यक्ति या वस्तु को दर्शाये तो verb singular होगा और article 'the' केवल पहले noun के आगे प्रयोग किया जाता है |
Example: The Managing Director and CEO of the company is dead.

 जब दो Singular Nouns अलग-अलग व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं को दर्शाये तो verb plural होगा और article 'the' दोनों  के पहले noun के आगे प्रयोग किया जाता है |
Example: The Managing Director and the CEO of the company are dead.


 Rule 3.  जब दो या दो से अधिक Singular Subjects 'and' से जुड़े हो तो verb plural होगा |
Example: Geeta and Babita are sisters.

 Rule 4. यदि दो subjects एक ही वस्तु या व्यक्ति का भाव दर्शाते हों तो verb singular होगा |
Examples :
(a) Curd and rice is my favourite food.
(b) The cart and horse is ready.

 Rule 5. यदि दो singular subjects 'and' से जुड़े हों और उन दोनों के पहले each या every का प्रयोग हो तो उनके साथ verb singular होगा |
Example: Each boy and each girl was in the class.

 Rule 6. यदि दो या दो से अधिक singular subjects, either..or, neither...nor, or या nor से जुड़े हों तो verb singular होगा |
Example: Neither Ramesh nor Suresh has eaten chocolates.

 Rule 7. यदि दो या दो से अधिक अलग-अलग number के subjects, either..or, neither...nor, or या nor से जुड़े हों तो plural subject को verb के पास रखते है और plural verb का प्रयोग करते है |
Example:  Either Sheela or her friends are guilty. (Plural subject - friends, Plural verb - are)

 Rule 8. जब अलग-अलग Persons (First, Second, Third) के subjects 'or' या 'nor' से जुड़े हों तो verb, last Person के अनुसार आयेगा | वाक्य में Persons का क्रम Second, Third , First Person होता है |
Example: You or I have to reach the railway station.

 Rule 9. Either, Neither, Each, Every, One of, Many a के साथ singular verb का प्रयोग करते है |
Examples :
(a) Neither of the tasks was easy.
(b) Every student was absent.
(c) Each of his watches is expensive.
(d) Many a girl has come.
(e) One of the girls is very beautiful.

 Rule 10. कुछ Nouns, Billiards, Gymnastics, Economics, News, Physics, Innings, Mathematics, Politics etc. देखने में Plural लगते हैं लेकिन meaning में singular होते हैं इसलिए इसके साथ verb भी singular प्रयोग होता है |
Examples :
(a) Every news is not true.
(b) Mathematics is my favourite subject.

 Rule 11. जब कोई singular subject दूसरे Noun के साथ with, as well as, like, besides, together with आदि connectors द्वारा जुड़ा हो तो verb इनसे पहले आये हुए शब्द के अनुसार आता है |
Examples :
(a) She, as well as her friends, has watched this movie.
(b) No one, besides your mother, knows her name.
(c) Ramesh, like his brother, is clever.

 Rule 12. जब दो Nouns या Pronouns 'not only...but also' से जुड़े हो तो Verb बाद वाले Noun या Pronoun के अनुसार आता है |
Examples :
(a) Not only her friends but also her brother was absented from the class.
(b) Not only the commander but also the soldiers were killed.

 Rule 13. Books, newspaper और countries के बाद verb हमेशा singular प्रयोग होता है |
Examples :
(a) Great Expectations is the thirteenth novel by Charles Dickens.
(b) The New York Times is an American newspaper.
(c) The United States has a big air force.

 Rule 14. Wages, Means और Pains के अर्थ के अनुसार verb singular या plural होता है |
Examples:
(a) Much pains has been taken.
(b) The pains of life are unbearable.


 Rule 15. जब कोई Plural Noun किसी एक certain(निश्चित) measurement(नाप), amount(रकम) या distance(दूरी) को दर्शाता है तो उसके साथ verb singular प्रयोग होता है |
Examples:
(a) Hundred rupees is not a big amount.
(b) Ninety miles is a long distance.

 Rule 16. Describe, define, regard, represent, mention, treat आदि verbs के बाद as का प्रयोग अवश्य करते है |
Examples:
(a) She regards me as her father.
(b) She treats him as a gentleman.

 Rule 17. Appoint, dare, hear, make, see, need, choose, think आदि verbs के बाद to या as का प्रयोग नहीं करते हैं |
Examples:
(a) You need not come.
(b) She dares not oppose him.

 Rule 18. Conditional sentences में If या When से शुरू होने वाली clause में Simple Present Tense तथा second clause में Simple Future Tense का प्रयोग करते हैं |
Examples: If she comes to me, I shall help her.

 Rule 19. काल्पनिक शर्त के sentences में If clause Past Perfect Tense में तथा second clause में would have + third form of verb का प्रयोग करते हैं |
Example: If she had come to me, I would have helped her.

 Rule 20. यदि If clause वाले का कार्य असम्भव या काल्पनिक हो तो generally, If clause में were verb का प्रयोग करते है तथा main clause में would का प्रयोग करते है |
Example: If I were a bird, I would fly.

 Rule 21. यदि Subordinate clause कोई Universal truth या Habitual action हो तो verb Simple Present Tense में प्रयोग करते है |
Example:
(a) She said that the sun rises in the east. (Universal truth)
(b) He said that dogs bark at strangers. (Habitual action)

 Rule 22. यदि Principal clause की verb Present tense या Future tense में है तो Subordinate clause की verb भाव के अनुसार किसी भी tense में हो सकती है |
Examples:
(a) Ram says that Hari has gone to Delhi.
(b) Mohan will say that Seema is a doctor.

Rule 23. यदि Principal clause की verb Past tense में है तो Subordinate clause की verb भी Past tense में होगी |
Examples:
(a) Sonu told me that Rakesh was writing a book.
(b) He said that the horse had died in the night.

 Rule 24. 'Lie' के साथ 'tell' और 'truth' के साथ 'speak' verb का प्रयोग करते है |
Examples:
(a) Do not tell a lie.
(b) Please speak the truth.

 Rule 25. Yesterday का प्रयोग Past tense में तथा Tomorrow का प्रयोग Future tense में करते है |
Examples:
(a) He went to school yesterday.
(b) I shall go to the station tomorrow.

 Rule 26. Principal clause की verb Present या Future tense में हो तो Subordinate clause में may का प्रयोग करते है |
Example: She works hard so that she may get good marks.
Principal clause की verb Past tense में हो तो Subordinate clause में might का प्रयोग करते है |
Example: She worked hard so that she might get good marks.

 Rule 27. (I) Generally, shall का प्रयोग First Person(I, We) के साथ तथा will का प्रयोग Second Person (You) और Third Person(He, She, It, They) के साथ future time दिखाने के लिए करते है |
Examples:
(a) I shall go with you.
(b) He will go with you.

 (II) Shall का प्रयोग Second या Third Person के साथ Command(आज्ञा), Promise(वायदा), Threat(धमकी) या Determination(पक्का इरादा) प्रकट करने के लिए होता है |
Examples:
(a) Command - You shall have to leave tomorrow.
(b) Promise - You shall get a prize for standing first in the class.
(c) Threat -They shall go to prison if they blackmail me.
(d) Determination - He shall find another job.

 (III) Will का प्रयोग First Person के साथ Willingness(इच्छा), Promise, Threat या Determination प्रकट करने के लिए होता है |
Examples:
(a) Willingness - I will work late today.
(b) Promise - I will try to leave smoking.
(c) Threat - We will beat you if you do not support us.
(d) Determination - We will fight against corruption.


 Recommended: Verbs Worksheet
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