2016
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Ways of expressing a Concession or Contrast (Concession या Contrast प्रकट करने के तरीके)
Rule 1. By using Conjunction 'though' or 'although' : 
नियम 1. Conjunction 'though' या 'although' का प्रयोग करके :
Examples :
(a) Though she is poor, she is honest.
(b) Although she is tired, yet she will work.

 Rule 2. By using Conjunction 'even if' :
नियम 2. Conjunction 'even if' का प्रयोग करके :
Example :
(a) Even if he is poor, he is a man of character.

 Rule 3. By using Conjunction 'if' :
नियम 3. Conjunction 'if' का प्रयोग करके :
Example :
(a) If you eat too much, you will fall ill.

 Rule 4. By using Adverb 'indeed' before 'but' :
नियम 4. Adverb 'indeed' का प्रयोग 'but' से पहले करके :
Example :
(a) He was sincere indeed, but he was foolish.


 Rule 5. By using phrase 'nevertheless' or 'nonetheless' :
नियम 5. Phrase 'nevertheless' या 'nonetheless' का प्रयोग करके :
Example :
(a) Kavita did not blame herself for the loss, nevertheless or nonetheless she was disappointed.

 Rule 6. By using Conjunction 'as' :
नियम 6. Conjunction 'as' का प्रयोग करके :
Examples :
(a) Strong as he is, he is timid.
(b) Poor as he is, he is honest.

 Rule 7. By using Preposition 'notwithstanding' before Noun clause :
नियम 7. Preposition 'notwithstanding' का प्रयोग करके जबकि उसके बाद Noun clause आये :
Example :
(a) He is timid, notwithstanding that he is strong.

 Rule 8. By using Admitting :
नियम 8. Admitting का प्रयोग करके :
Example :
(a) Admitting that he is strong, he is timid.

 Rule 9. By using Relative Pronoun 'whatever' :
नियम 9. Relative Pronoun 'whatever' का प्रयोग करके :
Example :
(a) Whatever she may do, she cannot stand first.


 Rule 10. By using Relative Adverb 'however' before Adjective or Adverb :
नियम 10. Relative Adverb 'however' का प्रयोग करके जबकि उसके बाद Adjective या Adverb आये :
Example :
(a) However poor she is, she is honest.

 Rule 11. By using phrase 'all the same' :
नियम 11. Phrase 'all the same' का प्रयोग करके :
Examples :
(a) He is strong, all the same he is timid.
(b) She is poor, all the same she is honest.

 Rule 12. By using 'at the same time' :
नियम 12. Phrase 'at the same time' का प्रयोग करके :
Examples :
(a) She is beautiful at the same time she is not proud.
(b) He is poor at the same time he is honest.

 Rule 13. By using phrase 'for all that' :
नियम 13. Phrase 'for all that' का प्रयोग करके :
Example :
(a) She will not trust you for all that you may say in your defense.
Transformation of Sentences in Hindi and English
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Ways of expressing a Condition (शर्त प्रकट करने के विभिन्न तरीके)
Rule 1. Using Conjunction 'if' or 'unless' :
नियम 1. Conjunction 'if' या 'unless' का प्रयोग करके :
Examples :
(a) If you work hard, you will pass.
(b) Unless you work hard, you will not pass.
नोट : unless वाले clause में not नहीं लगाना चाहिए, क्योंकि un का अर्थ ही not होता हैं । 

Rule 2. Using helping verbs 'Should', 'Were', 'Had' as 'If' in the starting of sentences.
नियम 2. वाक्यों के आरम्भ में Should, Were, Had, helping verbs का प्रयोग 'If' के अर्थ में करके :
Examples :
(a) Should you be feeling unwell, you may go.
(b) Were my father here, he would help me.
(c) Had I been at fault, I would have confessed it.

 Rule 3. Using Conjunctional phrase, 'In case' :
नियम 3. Conjunctional phrase, 'In case' का प्रयोग करके :
Example :
(a) In case you do not work hard, you will not pass. 


 Rule 4. Using Interrogative Sentences :
नियम 4. Interrogative Sentences का प्रयोग करके :
Examples :
(a) Have you paid the cost? Then take away the laptop.
(b) Will you go there? Then I will also go with you.

 Rule 5. Using Imperative mood (includes command or request) :
नियम 5. Imperative mood (includes command or request) का प्रयोग करके :
Examples :
(a) Work hard and you will pass.
(b) Neglect your work and you will fail.
(c) Worship God and you will be happy.

 Rule 6. Using Participial phrase :
नियम 6. Participial phrase का प्रयोग करके :
Examples :
(a) Supposing you visit my home, you will stay.
(b) Provided you visit my home, you will stay.

 Rule 7. Using phrase 'One more' :
नियम 7. phrase 'One more' का प्रयोग करके :
Example :
(a) One more mistake and I will dismiss you.


 Rule 8. Using Prepositional phrase 'But for' :
नियम 8. Prepositional phrase 'But for' का प्रयोग करके :
Example :
(a) But for your help, I should have been ruined.

Transformation of Sentences in Hindi and English
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"A little kingdom I possess, where thoughts and feelings dwell; And very hard the task I find of governing it well."

 "Christmas won’t be Christmas without any presents", grumbled Jo, lying on the rug.

"Far away in the sunshine are my highest aspirations. I may not reach them, but I can look up and see their beauty, believe in them, and try to follow where they lead."

"Girls are so queer you never know what they mean. They say no when they mean yes, and drive a man out of his wits just for the fun of it."

"He who believes is strong; he who doubts is weak. Strong convictions precede great actions."


 "Housekeeping ain't no joke."

"If I can do no more, let my name stand among those who are willing to bear ridicule and reproach for the truth's sake, and so earn some right to rejoice when the victory is won."

"I'm not afraid of storms, for I'm learning how to sail my ship."

"It takes people a long time to learn the difference between talent and genius, especially ambitious young men and women."

"Let my name stand among those who are willing to bear ridicule and reproach for the truth's sake, and so earn some right to rejoice when the victory is won."

"Love is a great beautifier."

"Love is the only thing that we can carry with us when we go, and it makes the end so easy."

"Simple, sincere people seldom speak much of their piety. It shows itself in acts rather than in words, and has more influence than homilies or protestations."

"'Stay' is a charming word in a friend's vocabulary."

"We all have our own life to pursue, our own kind of dream to be weaving, and we all have the power to make wishes come true, as long as we keep believing."

"What do girls do who haven't any mothers to help them through their troubles?"

"Women have been called queens for a long time, but the kingdom given them isn't worth ruling."

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Rule 1. Exclamatory sentences which start with 'How' or 'What', In these sentences 'How' or 'What' are replaced by Subject and use 'very' before Adjective to interchange Exclamatory sentences into Assertive sentences.
नियम 1. 'How' या 'What' से start होने वाले Exclamatory sentences को Assertive sentence में बदलने के लिए 'How' या 'What' को हटाकर वाक्य को Subject से शुरू करते हैं तथा Adjective से पहले very लगाते हैं ।
Examples :
(a) Exclamatory : How foolish I have been!
Assertive : I have been very foolish.
(b) Exclamatory : What a dangerous thing a little knowledge is !
Assertive : A little knowledge is a very dangerous thing.

Rule 2. 'wish' is used to interchange sentences which start with O, Oh, Would, If etc.
नियम 2. O, Oh, Would, If आदि से शुरू होने वाले वाक्यों को बदलते समय 'wish' का प्रयोग करते हैं ।
Examples :
(a) Exclamatory : O that I were a child again !
Assertive : I wish that I were a child again.
(b) Exclamatory : Would that I had got success !
Assertive : I wish that I had got success.


 Rule 3. The sentences which start with 'Alas', 'Hurrah' and 'Bravo' words are replaced with 'It is sad', 'It is a matter of joy' and 'It is a matter of praise' respectively.
नियम 3. 'Alas' से शुरू होने वाले वाक्यों को 'It is sad' से, 'Hurrah' से शुरू होने वाले वाक्यों को 'It is a matter of joy' से, 'Bravo' से शुरू होने वाले वाक्यों को 'It is a matter of praise' से बदलते हैं ।
Examples :
(a) Exclamatory : Alas! We have lost the battle.
Assertive : It is sad that we have lost the battle.
(b) Exclamatory : Hurrah! My sister has won the first prize.
Assertive : It is a matter of joy that my sister has won the first prize.
(c) Exclamatory : Bravo! You have secured the first position.
Assertive : It is a matter of praise that you have secured the first position.

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Rule 1. Interchanging Affirmative into Negative sentences by using 'not' before Opposite words. 
नियम 1. Opposite words से पहले not लगाकर Affirmative वाक्यों से Negative वाक्य बनाते हैं ।
Examples :
(a) Affirmative : This girl is intelligent.
Negative : This girl is not dull.
(b) Affirmative : She is a beautiful girl.
Negative : She is not an ugly girl.

 Rule 2. If the sentence of Comparative degree is Affirmative then use 'not' in Positive degree to make Negative sentence.
नियम 2. यदि Comparative degree का वाक्य Affirmative है तो Negative बनाने के लिए Positive degree में not का प्रयोग करते हैं ।
Example :
(a) Affirmative : You are greater than Ravi.
Negative : Ravi is not so great as you.


 If the sentence of Positive degree is Affirmative then use 'not' in Comparative degree to make Negative sentence.
यदि Positive degree का वाक्य Affirmative है तो Negative बनाने के लिए Comparative degree में not का प्रयोग करते हैं ।
Example :
(a) Affirmative : Your daughter is as wise as you.
Negative : You are not wiser than your daughter.
Read more details on Degrees of comparison

 Rule 3. Replace 'alone' or 'only' with 'None but' by using 'None but' in the starting of the sentence.
नियम 3. जिन वाक्यों में alone या only शब्द का प्रयोग हो तो उन्हें हटाकर वाक्य के प्रारम्भ में None but लगाते हैं ।
Examples :
(a) Affirmative : Sita alone got good marks.
Negative : None but Sita got good marks.
(b) Affirmative : Only good boys are successful.
Negative : None but good boys are successful.

 Rule 4. Removing Adverb 'too' :
नियम 4. Adverb 'too' हटाकर :
Example :
(a) Affirmative : She is too weak to walk.
Negative : She is so weak that she cannot walk.
Read more details on Sentences containing the Adverb 'Too'


 Rule 5. By using 'did not fail' :
नियम 5. 'did not fail' का प्रयोग करके :
Example :
(a) Affirmative : She helped me in my need.
Negative : She did not fail to help me in my need.

 Rule 6. Replace 'As soon as' by 'No sooner' then change Affirmative sentence into Interrogative, then use 'than' between both the clauses and do not use Question Mark (?).
नियम 6. As soon as वाले वाक्य का Negative बनाने के लिए As soon as को No sooner से बदलकर, Affirmative वाक्य को Interrogative में बदलकर, दोनों clauses के बीच than लगाते है तथा Question Mark(?) का प्रयोग नहीं करते है ।
Example :
(a) Affirmative : As soon as the teacher entered the class, all the students stood up.
Negative : No sooner did the teacher enter the class than all the students stood up.

Transformation of Sentences in Hindi and English
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"A favor well bestowed is almost as great an honor to him who confers it as to him who receives it."

 "A little in drink, but at all times your faithful husband."

 "A woman seldom writes her mind but in her postscript."


 "Fire and swords are slow engines of destruction, compared to the tongue of a Gossip."

 "I cannot think of any character below the flatterer, except he who envies him."

 "It is to be noted that when any part of this paper appears dull there is a design in it."

 "Nothing can atone for the lack of modesty; without which beauty is ungraceful and wit detestable."

 "Of all the affections which attend human life, the love of glory is the most ardent."

 "Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body."

 "That man never grows old who keeps a child in his heart."

 "The fool within himself is the object of pity, until he is flattered."

 "The married state, with and without the affection suitable to it, is the completest image of heaven and hell we are capable of receiving in this life."

 "When you fall into a man's conversation, the first thing you should consider is, whether he has a greater inclination to hear you, or that you should hear him."

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"A good book is the purest essence of a human soul."

 "A loving heart is the beginning of all knowledge."

"A man lives by believing something; not by debating and arguing about many things."

"A mystic bond of brotherhood makes all men one."


 "A poet without love were a physical and metaphysical impossibility."

"A well-written life is almost as rare as a well-spent one."

"A word spoken in season, at the right moment, is the mother of ages."

"All greatness is unconscious, or it is little and naught."

"All that mankind has done, thought, gained, or been; it is lying as in magic preservation in the pages of books."

"Clever men are good, but they are not the best."

"Conviction is worthless unless it is converted into conduct."

"Every man is my superior in that I may learn from him."

"Every noble work is at first impossible."

"Everywhere in life, the true question is not what we gain, but what we do."

"Go as far as you can see; when you get there, you'll be able to see further."

"Happy the people whose annals are blank in history books."

"History is the essence of innumerable biographies."

"If Jesus Christ were to come today, people would not even crucify him. They would ask him to dinner, and hear what he had to say, and make fun of it."

"I've got a great ambition to die of exhaustion rather than boredom."

"Literature is the Thought of thinking Souls."

"Love is ever the beginning of Knowledge, as fire is of light."

"Make yourself an honest man, and then you may be sure that there is one less scoundrel in the world."

"Music is well said to be the speech of angels."

"My books are friends that never fail me."

"My whinstone house my castle is— I have my own four walls."

"No man lives without jostling and being jostled; in all ways he has to elbow himself through the world, giving and receiving offense."

"Nothing that was worthy in the past departs; no truth or goodness realized by man ever dies, or can die."

"Our main business is not to see what lies dimly at a distance, but to do what lies clearly at hand."

"Popular opinion is the greatest lie in the world."

"Silence is deep as Eternity, speech is shallow as Time."

"Speech is human, silence is divine, yet also brutish and dead: therefore we must learn both arts."

"Tell a man he is brave, and you help him to become so."

"The barrenest of all mortals is the sentimentalist."

"The greatest of faults, I should say, is to be conscious of none."

"The tragedy of life is not so much what men suffer, but rather what they miss."

"There is endless merit in a man's knowing when to have done."

"Under all speech that is good for anything there lies a silence that is better. Silence is deep as Eternity; speech is shallow as Time."

"What we become depends on what we read after all of the professors have finished with us. The greatest university of all is a collection of books."


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Following are the rules of interchanging Assertive into Interrogative Sentences.
Assertive Sentences से Interrogative Sentences बनाने के नियम निम्नवत हैं ।

 Rule 1. Use helping verbs (is, are, am, was, were, will, shall, can etc.) to start a sentence. (see Example a)
नियम 1. सहायक क्रियाओं  (is, are, am, was, were, will, shall, can आदि) से वाक्य का आरम्भ करते हैं । (देखिये उदाहरण a)

 Rule 2. Use a Question mark (?) at the end of a sentence.
नियम 2. वाक्य के अन्त में प्रश्‍नसूचक चिन्ह (?) लगाते हैं ।

 Rule 3. Assertive Sentence, which is Affirmative becomes Negative while interchanging it into an Interrogative sentence. The assertive sentence, which is Negative becomes Affirmative while interchanging it into an Interrogative sentence. To replace 'never' and 'no', use 'ever' and 'any' respectively. (see Examples a, b, c, d)
नियम 3. जो Assertive sentence, Affirmative (स्वीकारात्मक) होता है उसको Interrogative sentence में बदलने पर वो Negative sentence बन जाता है अर्थात उसमें not लगा देते है परन्तु वाक्य का अर्थ नहीं बदलता है और यदि Assertive sentence, Negative (नकारात्मक) है तो Interrogative sentence में बदलने पर Affirmative sentence हो जाता है अर्थात उसमें not हटा देते हैऔर never को ever से तथा no को any से बदलते है । (देखिये  उदाहरण a, b, c, d)

 Rule 4. Sometimes, start a sentence with How, What, When, Why etc. to interchange Assertive into Interrogative sentence. (see Example e)
नियम 4. कभी-कभी Assertive को Interrogative sentence में बदलने के लिए वाक्य का आरम्भ How, What, When, Why आदि से करते है । (देखिये उदाहरण e)


 Rule 5. Subject 'everybody' is replaced with 'who'. (see Example f)
नियम 5. Subject के स्थान पर everybody को who से बदलते हैं । (देखिये उदाहरण f)

 Examples :
(a) Assertive : Love is blind.
Interrogative : Is love not blind ?

 (b) Assertive : Long life does not make a man great.
Interrogative : Does long life make a man great ?

 (c) Assertive : I can never win the first prize.
Interrogative : Can I ever win the first prize ?

 (d) Assertive : No one knows you.
Interrogative : Does any one know you ?

 (e) Assertive : It does not matter if you do not help me.
Interrogative : What if you do not help me ?

 (f) Assertive : Everybody likes to be prosperous.
Interrogative : Who does not like to be prosperous ? ( यदि यह प्रश्‍न अपने आप से पुछोगे, तो उत्तर(answer) में Assertive sentence मिलेगा । )

Transformation of Sentences in Hindi and English
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"A place for everything, and everything in its place."

 "An intense anticipation itself transforms possibility into reality; our desires being often but precursors of the things which we are capable of performing."

"Enthusiasm... the sustaining power of all great action."

"Even happiness itself may become habitual. There is a habit of looking at the bright side of things, and also of looking at the dark side."


"Good actions give strength to ourselves, and inspire good actions in others."

"Hope is like the sun, which, as we journey toward it, casts the shadow of our burden behind us."

"Hope is the companion of power, and mother of success; for who so hopes strongly has within him the gift of miracles."

"Life will always be to a large extent what we ourselves make it."

"Lost wealth may be replaced by industry, lost knowledge by study, lost health by temperance or medicine, but lost time is gone forever."

"Men who are resolved to find a way for themselves will always find opportunities enough; and if they do not find them, they will make them."

"Mere political reform will not cure the manifold evils which now afflict society. There requires a social reform, a domestic reform, an individual reform."

"No laws, however stringent, can make the idle industrious, the thriftless provident, or the drunken sober."

"Sympathy is the golden key that unlocks the heart of others."

"The greatest slave is not he who is ruled by a despot, great though that evil be, but he who is in the thrall of his own moral ignorance, selfishness, and vice."

"The reason why so little is done, is generally because so little is attempted."

"We often discover what will do, by finding out what will not do; and probably he who never made a mistake never made a discovery."

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The rules for making sentences by removing the adverb 'too' are as follows.
Adverb 'too' हटाकर वाक्य निम्न प्रकार से बनाए जाते हैं ।

 Rule 1. If there is a use of Adjective after 'too' and Infinitive after Adjective then
नियम 1.  यदि 'too' के बाद Adjective और Adjective के बाद Infinitive का प्रयोग हो तो
Example :
He was too tired to work.

 (i) 'so' is used in place of the adverb 'too'.
(i) इसमें adverb 'too' के स्थान पर 'so' का प्रयोग करते है ।

 (ii) 'that' is used after the used Adjective in the sentence.
(ii) वाक्य में प्रयोग किये गए Adjective के बाद 'that' का प्रयोग करते है ।

 (iii) After this, anyone from 'he', 'she', 'it', 'they', 'I', 'we' is used according to the subject of the first clause.
(iii) इसके बाद he, she, it, they, I, we में से किसी एक को पहले clause के subject के अनुसार प्रयोग करते है ।

 (iv) Replace 'to' with 'cannot' in Present tense and 'could not' in Past tense.
(iv) 'to' के स्थान पर Present tense में 'cannot' और Past tense में 'could not' प्रयोग करते है ।
Examples :
(a) He is too old to work hard.
He is so old that he cannot work hard.

 (b) The mother was too weak to control her sons.
The mother was so weak that she could not control her sons.


 (v) Passive voice sentence will be transformed into Passive voice.
(v) Passive voice के वाक्य की transformation Passive voice में ही करेगे ।
Example :
He speaks too fast to be understood.
He speaks so fast that he cannot be understood.

 (vi) 'not' in 'that' clause can also be used with 'do', 'does', 'will' and 'would'.
(vi) can या could के अलावा that clause में not का प्रयोग do, does, will, would के साथ भी कर सकते है ।
Example :
She is too proud to apologize.
She is so proud that she does not apologize.

 Rule 2. If, Infinitive is Negative which is used after 'too' then during the transformation of such sentences 'not' is not used.
नियम 2. यदि 'too' के बाद प्रयोग किया हुआ Infinitive, Negative में हो तो ऐसे वाक्यों की transformation करते समय not का प्रयोग नहीं करते हैं ।
Example :
He is too poor not to accept the gift.
He is so poor that he can accept the gift.

 Rule 3. If, the subject of the sentence is 'It' or inanimate then change 'for me' into 'I', 'for him' into 'he', 'for us' into 'we' and 'for them' into 'they' which are used in that sentence.
नियम 3. यदि वाक्य का subject, It या निर्जीव है, तो उस वाक्य में प्रयुक्त 'for me' को 'I' में, 'for him' को 'he' में, 'for us' को 'we' में तथा 'for them' को 'they' में बदलते हैं ।
Example :
The passage is too difficult for me to understand.
The passage is so difficult that I cannot understand.


 Rule 4. In some sentences, the transformation of 'for + Noun' in the place of Infinitive.
नियम 4. कुछ वाक्यों में, Infinitive के स्थान पर for + Noun का transformation :
Examples :
(a) My heart was too full for words.
My heart was so full that I could not utter any word.

 (b) His sorrow is too deep for tears.
His sorrow is so deep that it cannot be expressed in tears.

 Rule 5. If, Adjective is used after 'too' but Infinitive is not used in the sentence then 'extremely' or 'over' is used in the place of 'too'.
नियम 5. यदि 'too' के बाद Adjective का प्रयोग हो लेकिन वाक्य में Infinitive का प्रयोग न हो तो too के स्थान पर extremely या over का प्रयोग करते हैं ।
Examples:
(a) She is too eager for praise.
She is over eager for praise.

 (b) The weather is too cold.
The weather is extremely cold.

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