Assertive Sentences Part 1 - Direct and Indirect Narration

Tenses में परिवर्तन सम्बन्धी नियम (Rules for the change of Tenses)

Rule 1: यदि Reporting Verb, Present अथवा Future Tense मे हो। तो Reported Speech के Verb के Tense में किसी प्रकार का परिवर्तन नहीं करते हैं । जैसे:
Direct - Ram says, "Hari has gone to Agra."
Indirect - Ram says that Hari has gone to Agra.
Direct - Sohan will say, "Asha is very intelligent."
Indirect - Sohan will say that Asha is very intelligent.
Direct - He has said to me, "Ravi will join the camp."
Indirect - He has told me that Ravi will join the camp.

Note : say, says या said को Indirect Speech में tell, tells या told में उस समय बदलते है, जब इसके बाद Object (कर्म ) हो । यदि say, says या said के बाद Object न हो तो उन्हें नहीं बदलते । 

Rule 2: यदि Reporting Verb, Past Tense में हो , तो Reported Speech के Tense में परिवर्तन होता है । 
a) Simple Present Tense बदलकर Simple Past Tense हो जाता है। जैसे :
Direct - Mohan said, "Raman tells a lie."
Indirect - Mohan said that Raman told a lie.


b) Present Continuous या Imperfect को Past Continuous या Imperfect में बदल देते है । जैसे:
Direct - Sonu said to me, "Rakesh is writing a book."
Indirect - Sonu told me that Rakesh was writing a book.

c) Present Perfect Tense को Past Perfect Tense में बदल देते है। जैसे:
Direct - Ramesh said, "Raman has completed his work."
Indirect - Ramesh said that Raman had completed his work.

d) Present Perfect Continuous को Past Perfect Continuous में बदल देते हैं । जैसे:
Direct - He said, "It has been raining since morning."
Indirect - He said that it had been raining since morning.

e) Past Indefinite को बदल कर Past Perfect में कर देते हैं । जैसे:
Direct - He said, "The horse died in the night ."
Indirect - He said that the horse had died in the night.

f) Past Continuous को Past Perfect Continuous में बदल देते हैं । जैसे:
Direct - He said, "The students were learning their lessons."
Indirect - He said that the students had been learning their lessons.

g) Past Perfect Tense तथा Past Perfect Continuous में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता है। जैसे:
1. Direct - He said, "Uma had won the match."
    Indirect - He said that Uma had won the match.
2. Direct - She said, "Uma had been reading for two hours."
    Indirect - She said that Uma had been reading for two hours.


h) यदि Reporting Verb भूतकाल (Past Tense) में है, तो Reported Speech में आने वाले 'shall' को should एवं 'will' को would में बदल देते है। जैसे:
1. Direct - I said, "I shall play."
    Indirect - I said that I should play.
2. Direct - She said, "Uma will see a picture."
    Indirect - She said that Uma would see a picture.

i) यदि Reporting Verb Past Tense में है, तो Reported Speech में आने वाले 'can' को could तथा 'may' को might में बदल देते है । परन्तु 'must', 'ought', 'could', 'would', 'might', 'had better' तथा 'used to' में परिवर्तन नहीं होता है । जैसे :

1. Direct - I said, "I can jump into the river."
    Indirect - I said that I could jump into the river.
2. Direct - She said, "The boy may go."
    Indirect - She said that the boy might go.
3. Direct - The teacher said, "Ram must be awarded."
    Indirect - I said that Ram must be awarded.
4. Direct - She said to me, "I should have tried harder."
    Indirect - She told me that I should have tried harder.

Tense सम्बन्धी नियम के अपवाद (Exceptions)
नीचे लिखी दशाओ में Reporting Verb, Past Tense में होते हुए भी Reported Speech का Tense नहीं बदलता है :
(1) जब कोई सदा सत्य रहने वाली बात (Universal Truth) कही जाए; जैसे :
1. Direct - The teacher said, "The earth moves around the sun."
    Indirect - The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.
2. Direct - He said, "The sun rises in the east."
    Indirect - He said that the sun rises in the east.

(2) जब कोई आदत सम्बन्धी सत्य (Habitual fact) कहा जाए; जैसे:
1. Direct - Hari said to Ravi, "Dogs bark at the strangers."
    Indirect - Hari told Ravi that dogs bark at the strangers.
2. Direct - The teacher said, "When the cat is away, the mice play."
    Indirect - The teacher said that when the cat is away, the mice play.


(3) जब कोई कहावत (Proverb) कही जाए; जैसे: 
    Direct - Hari said, "Honesty is the best policy."
    Indirect - Hari said that honesty is the best policy.


(4) जब किसी ऐतिहासिक घटना (Historical fact) का जिक्र हो; जैसे:
    Direct - The History teacher said, "Samudra Gupta is called the Napoleon of India."
    Indirect - The History teacher said that Samudra Gupta is called the Napoleon of India.

Recommended Post - Exercises based on the use of Assertive Sentences Part 1 - Direct and Indirect Narration

Direct and Indirect Narration

Introduction

Assertive Sentences Part 1

Assertive Sentences Part 2

Assertive Sentences Part 3

Interrogative Sentences

Imperative Sentences
Optative Sentences 
Exclamatory Sentences
Chart of changes in Indirect Speech
Mixed Sentences and Dialogues